The 21-year-old, who spent the first half of the campaign with Freiburg, will spend the remainder of 2017-18 at Ashton Gate having put the finishing touches on his temporary switch on Friday.
Academy graduate Kent signed a long-term contract extension with the Reds last summer and made six appearances for Bundesliga outfit Freiburg before returning to Anfield.
Bristol City currently sit fourth in the Championship and face a Carabao Cup semi-final second leg against Manchester City later this month.